Kremligarchs
Consolidation under Putin: Subordination and Instrumentalisation
Historical context: post-2000 reassertion of central power, subordination of organised crime, formation of kremligarchs, and the emergence of the Kremlin as ultimate krysha.
Kleptocracy or Oligarchy — What Is the Difference?
Short answer: 1990s oligarchy implied relative autonomy from the political centre; post-2000 kleptocracy / kremligarch system implies wealth and security contingent on loyalty to the vertical of power.
Kleptocracy vs Oligarchy
Comparative framework: classic 1990s oligarchy implied relative autonomy from the political centre; post-2000 kremligarch kleptocracy implies dependence on and service to the vertical of power.
Kremligarchs
Working definition of kremligarchs: business figures whose wealth and security depend on personal loyalty to the Putin circle; economic agents of the regime, not independent 1990s oligarchs.
Relationships
Structured relationship lists only (no graphs): by type, siloviki, kremligarch, state–crime hybrid, authoritarian patronage, St Petersburg circle. Source-linked nodes of the systemic picture.
Kleptocratic Extraction
Mechanism analysis: systematic conversion of public resources, state contracts and natural-resource rents into private wealth for a narrow ruling circle under near-total impunity. Source-linked.